Spatial–Temporal Multivariate Correlation Analysis of Ecosystem Services and Ecological Risk in Areas of Overlapped Cropland and Coal Resources in the Eastern Plains, China

The overlapped areas of cropland and coal resources play a fundamental role in promoting economic social progress. However, intensive mining operations high water-level have brought significant spatial–temporal heterogeneity ecological problems. From the dual dimensions ecosystem service value (ESV) risk (ER), it is great significance to explore influence characteristics underground on landscape, such as above-ground cultivated land, which valuable achieving regional governance coordinated development. In this study, taking Peixian research area, multiple-dimensional correlation framework was constructed based revised ESV ER, integrating grey relational degree, heterogeneity, disequilibrium, inconsistency index ER assessment from 2010 2020. results show that (1) showed agglomerated distribution pattern east, with net decrease 13.61%. (2) decreased by 78.18 concentrated western southern regions, overall contiguous local agglomeration characteristics. This indicates security region has improved. (3) comprehensive between cultural highest. Furthermore, weakened, disequilibrium rose then fell, indicating gradually tended be stable. study crucial for resource maintain stability sustainable multivariate provides practical management control.